Heather Cox Richardson
On May 6, 1882, President Chester Arthur signed into law theChinese Exclusion Act. This hotly contested law was the first in American
history to prevent voluntary immigration to the United States. It was also the
formal rejection of one of the founding principles of the Republican Party:
that the immigration of workers to the U.S. was fundamental to the country’s
strength.
An 1882 cartoon: "THE ONLY ONE BARRED OUT. Enlightened American Statesman.--"We must draw the line somewhere, you know." Courtesy of the Library of Congress. |
Chinese immigration to America began with the Gold Rush. Its flood
tide in 1849 coincided with the economic catastrophe left in China by the Opium
Wars, and young Chinese men came to “Gold Mountain” to earn money to feed their
families back home. Chinese miners did well financially in California, but
quickly came under fire from native-born Americans, who first passed a “Foreign
Miners’ Tax” targeting Chinese miners and then tried to prevent Chinese immigrants
from testifying in court.
The attempts to create a legal caste system bothered budding
Republicans like William Henry Seward and Abraham Lincoln. The idea that men
were not equal in America, but rather could be divided by legal status, echoed
the beliefs of the southern Democrats that Republicans opposed. When Republicans
took over the national government, they stood firm against that theory. They
not only ended slavery, but also promoted immigration. Immigrants, their 1864
platform declared: had “added so much to the
wealth, development of resources and increase of power to the nation, the
asylum of the oppressed of all nations,” that immigration “should be fostered
and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.” Immigrants worked hard, made
products that created value, and helped to fuel a rising spiral of economic
prosperity. Republicans believed that the more immigrants a country attracted,
the more its economy would expand.
The Republican government
fostered and encouraged Chinese immigration through the 1868 Burlingame Treaty,
which opened both China and America to immigrants from the opposite country. While
migrants to China tended to be missionaries and engineers, migrants to America
tended to be laborers. The Panic of 1873 and the depression that followed it
turned native-born Americans against those same Chinese laborers, and calls to
exclude the Chinese from access to America grew loud.
The result of their hostility
was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, which kept Chinese laborers—but not
businessmen, scholars, or diplomats—0ut of America. Over the vehement protests
of older Republicans, Americans insisted that America had no place for
immigrants who might take jobs from native-born workers. No longer did the
nation adhere to the belief that all workers fed a growing economy. Instead, a
majority of Americans subscribed to the idea that workers competed with each
other, and that certain workers were not welcome to be part of that
competition.
The Chinese Exclusion Act
marked a major shift in immigration policy, to be sure. But it also marked a
seismic shift in the national understanding of the mechanics of economic
growth.
1 comment:
Nice post, Heather. I'm reminded that the 1880 Garfield/Arthur campaign was the victim of an "October surprise" about two weeks before the election. A letter, purported to have been written by Garfield in January of that year (long before he was the Republican presidential nominee), was released in which Garfield claimed to support unlimited Chinese immigration and the ability of business owners to "find the cheapest labor where ever they can." Garfield was quickly able to prove the so-called "Morey letter" a forgery and could point to the June 1880 acceptance letter he released after receiving the Republican nomination in which he made clear his concerns about unlimited Chinese immigratiion. Of course, the Chinese were the only nationality whose entry into the U.S. "concerned" him in that acceptance letter.
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